Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Chimica nella Scuola

Transizione energetica

No. 1 (2023): Chimica nella Scuola n.1 2023

Proposta didattica in tempi di transizione energetica: il crimine idrocarburico

Submitted
14 March 2023
Published
14-03-2023

Abstract

Chemistry teaching is receiving many contributions aimed at raising students’ awareness of our society’s need for an energy transition. This paper describes a phenomenon, hydrocarbon crime, which despite its relevance is scarcely known to the public and is often absent in debates on the transition to renewable sources. It also describes the socio-economic and environmental consequences of criminal infiltration in the supply and distribution of the hydrocarbons sector. Furthermore, it is emphasized that this epochal transition cannot be separated from a restoration of legality in the current context of the fossil fuel market.
This paper is written for chemistry teachers with the aim of offering tools to allow them to include the topic of hydrocarbon crime in class discussions about energy transition.

References

  1. M. Venturi, La Chimica nella Scuola 2021, 5, 3.
  2. International Energy Agency (IEA), The oil and gas industry in energy transitions – Report 2020 (https://www.iea.org/reports/the-oil-and-gas-industry-in-energy-transitions).
  3. European Commission, A European Green Deal (https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en).
  4. Gruppo Energia per l’Italia, La Chimica nella Scuola 2022, 2, 5–13.
  5. V. Balzani, La chimica e l’industria newsletter, 2018, 5 (7), 4–20.
  6. J. Timperley, Nature, 2021, 598, 403–405.
  7. I.M. Ralby, Downstream oil theft: Global Modalities, Trends and Remedies. Atlantic Council, 2017 (https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/downstream-oil-theft/).
  8. J. Sheptycki, Is Green Criminology Paradigm-Breaking? Some Reflections on Hydrocarbon and Resource Extraction, Crime and Criminological Thinking, in Environmental Crime in Transnational Context, Routledge Editor, 2016, 83–98.
  9. I.M. Ralby, Downstream oil theft: implications and next steps. Atlantic Council, 2017 (https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/downstream-oil-theft-implications-and-next-steps/).
  10. I. M. Ralby, D. Soud, Oil on the Water: Illicit Hydrocarbons Activity in the Maritime Domain. Atlantic Council, 2018 (https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/oil-on-the-water-illicit-hydrocarbons-activity-in-the-maritime-domain/).
  11. RAI, Nero come il petrolio, novembre 19, 2018 (https://www.raiplay.it/video/2018/11/Report-173c1233-2169-496b-958b-ff32ddf7964.html).
  12. Tracit.org, Mapping the impact of illicit trade on the sustainable development goals (https://unctad.org/system/files/non-official-document/DITC2019_TRACIT_IllicitTrade-andSDGs_fullreport_en.pdf).
  13. RAI, I Vampiri, 10 giugno 10, 2019 (https://www.raiplay.it/video/2019/06/Report-a0334154-034c-4f5d-%20%20acf1-b8bc6b4a77e6.html).
  14. S. Raimondi, Audizioni su settore distribuzione carburanti in Commissione Attività produttive, Camera dei Deputati, novembre 5, 2019 (https://webtv.camera.it/evento/15335).
  15. European Council, How is the EU financing the transition to climate neutrality? (https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/financing-climate-transition/).
  16. P. Mahaffy, Chem. Educ. Res. Pract., 2004, 5(3), 229–245.
  17. G. Pinto, M. T. Oliver-Hoyo, J. Chem. Educ., 2008, 85(2), 218.
  18. R. S. Treptow, J. Chem. Educ., 2010, 87(7), 679.
  19. A. H. R. MacArthur, C. L. Copper, J. Chem. Educ., 2009, 86(9), 1049.
  20. D. J. Berger, A. D. Jorgensen, J. Chem. Educ., 2015, 92(7), 1204–1208.
  21. S. T. Belt, M. J. Leisvik, A. J. Hyde, T. L. Overton, Chem. Educ. Res. Pract., 2005, 6(3), 166–179.
  22. A. M. Ranjika, P. Bopegedera, J. Chem. Educ., 2023, 100(1), 298–305.
  23. N. A. Mailloux, et al., GeoHealth, 2022, 6(5), e2022GH000603 (https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gh000603).
  24. Getting to the Heart of the (Particulate) Matter (https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3027/getting-to-the-heart-of-the-particulate-matter/).
  25. H.M. Seip, F. Menz, Air Pollution as a Climate Forcing: A Workshop, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Hawaii, April 29-May 3, 2002.
  26. EPA, Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM) (https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/health-and-environmental-effects-particulate-matter-pm).
  27. P. Grennfelt et al., Ambio, 2020, 49, 849–864.
  28. Public Eye, Dirty Diesel: How Swiss Traders Flood Africa with Toxic Fuels, 2016 (https://www.publiceye.ch/fileadmin/doc/Rohstoffe/2016_PublicEye_Dirty_Diesel_Report.pdf).
  29. M. Yoboué, J. Kaufman, BHRJ, 2018, 3(2), 291–297.
  30. C. M. Alvarez et al., Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9151.
  31. UNEP, ECOWAS countries to develop harmonized fuel and vehicle emission standards Abidjan, Cote d’Ivory, (https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/blogpost/ecowas-countries-develop-harmonized-fuel-and-vehicle-emission-standards).
  32. Direttiva 2009/30/CE del Parlamento Europeo e del Consiglio, aprile 23, 2009.
  33. Concawe Report no. 6/22 (https://www.concawe.eu/publication/performance-of-european-cross-country-oil-pipelines-4/).
  34. RAI, Petrolio Illegale, 7 ottobre 7, 2017 (https://www.raiplay.it/video/2017/10/Petrolio-illegale—-07102017-0d54fc0f-1d00-4378-841b-1843b3be324e.html?q=petrolio+illegale).
  35. RAI, Furto di carburante dall’oleodotto a Fiumicino. Disastro ecologico dopo gli sversamenti, 11 novembre 11, 2014 (https://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/media/furto-di-carburante-dall-oleodotto-a-fiumicino-disastro-ecologico-dopo-gli-sversamenti-video-129e54e5-40f7-4661-bdc0-32c8779e3ae7.html).
  36. R. Frignani, Roma, ladri assaltano l’oleodotto «Adesso c’è il rischio inquinamento», Corriere della Sera, dicembre 3, 2018 (https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/18_dicembre_03/ladri-assaltano-l-oleodotto-rischio-inquinamento-c662669a-f668-11e8-a530-53c8d5a0f267.shtml).